风-车-桥耦合振动研究现状及发展趋势

为推动风-车-桥耦合振动理论和应用研究的进一步深入开展,从分析框架、气动干扰、评价准则和大跨桥梁设计荷载4个方面系统梳理风-车-桥耦合振动国内外学术研究进展和热点前沿,并探讨研究不足和发展趋势。分析系统方面,首先从风作用模拟、耦合关系角度综述风-列车-桥分析系统由简化到精细的研究历程,然后沿车辆元素的精细研究历程对风-汽车-桥分析系统研究进行综述。气动干扰方面,从结构模拟精细程度、特殊工况、干扰对象等角度综述研究进展。评价准则方面,分别综述汽车和列车评价准则由简单到复杂、由确定性到不确定性的发展历程。大跨桥梁设计荷载方面,分别从现行多国规范和理论研究2个角度对大跨桥梁风和汽车荷载研究进行综述。综合分析表明：分析框架过去处于并将一直处于从简化到精细的过程中,元素模拟的精细化及相应耦合关系的重构推动分析框架升级和应用范围的扩大;气动干扰研究的干扰对象逐步增多,模拟逐步细致,数值模拟理论和风洞规模、试验测试设备及技术是限制其发展的关键因素;车-桥系统评价方面,主体结构和系统安全是评价的基础层面,附属构件和功能性的评价将越来越受到重视,且评价将由确定性向可靠性发展;大跨桥梁设计荷载方面,汽车荷载将由简单套用中小跨径桥梁设计荷载的方式,逐步过渡为考虑地区荷载特性、行驶行为等复杂模式,风和汽车荷载组合时的工况设置、计算风速的确定、荷载叠加准则、分项系数和组合系数等方面都有很大细化和深入研究的空间。     

轨道交通桥梁减振降噪研究进展

随着高速铁路和城市轨道交通的迅猛发展,人们环保意识的增强以及高架线路的广泛应用,轨道交通桥梁振动与噪声已成为亟待解决的问题。首先,介绍了混凝土桥、钢桥、钢混组合桥的典型振动与噪声试验和桥梁结构噪声常用的理论研究方法。其次,从桥梁结构优化的角度,讨论了混凝土桥、钢桥常用的减振降噪措施,并探讨了TMD的减振降噪效果。然后,综述了桥上轨道结构常用的减振降噪措施。最后,总结了3种声屏障降噪效果的研究进展。结果表明：①不同结构桥梁振动与噪声有所差异,总体来说钢结构桥梁振动与噪声问题更为突出;②混凝土梁截面的优化措施具有一定的减振降噪效果,如增设中腹板或横隔板,优化腹板倾角等措施,U梁对轮轨噪声具有遮蔽效应,梁下区域遮蔽损失最大可达10 dB（A）,但与传统箱梁相比,U梁结构噪声更大;③约束阻尼结构能够有效控制钢桥振动与噪声,TMD能够有效抑制桥梁结构低频振动,但降噪效果甚微;④在钢轨、扣件、轨枕道床等方面采取相应的减振措施,从而达到轨道交通桥梁减振降噪的目的是最为经济可行的方法;⑤声屏障可有效控制交通噪声,直立声屏障降噪效果为5~10 dB（A）,半封闭声屏障降噪效果约15 dB（A）,全封闭声屏障降噪效果超过20 dB（A）。     

公路车-桥耦合振动的理论和应用研究进展

为了推动公路车-桥耦合振动理论的发展和仿真技术的广泛应用,从公路车-桥耦合振动理论研究和应用研究2个方面系统性梳理了公路车-桥耦合振动相关领域的学术研究现况、既有研究成果、发展前景、存在的问题和对策。理论研究方面,系统总结了车-桥耦合振动研究中车-桥、桥梁、路面不平整度等参数的数学模型和车-桥耦合时变系统动力学方程的数值解法。基于调研和分析发现,经过国内外学者长期的努力,车-桥系统数值模型已经可以越来越真实地模拟实际车辆、桥梁以及路面不平整度等其他条件因素。在未来的研究中应持续改进有限元建模技术和优化数值算法,以进一步提高车-桥耦合振动仿真分析的精度和效率,扩展其应用范围。应用研究方面,以桥梁动力冲击系数、桥梁疲劳分析、桥梁结构损伤识别、桥梁振动控制、桥上行车舒适性以及桥上车辆荷载动态识别等6个问题为例,综述了车-桥耦合振动仿真技术在桥梁安全相关研究领域的应用现状,并对目前研究仍存在的局限和后续的研究方向进行了初步探讨。研究表明,车-桥耦合振动仿真技术已成为众多相关研究领域内的重要研究方法,在部分研究领域已展现了良好的应用前景。后续研究中,一方面应针对具体问题的特点改进车-桥耦合振动模型的适用性和计算精度,另一方面应针对具体研究问题进一步完善相关理论,并从工程实用性角度提出新的或改进的技术和方法。     

考虑出行竞争的网约车能源环境效应不确定性研究

在碳中和背景下,交通行业推进节能减排刻不容缓。随着网约车的蓬勃发展,它被认为替 代了部分传统出行方式出行量,与传统出行方式形成竞争关系,网约车对绿色出行量的影响引发 了人们对其能源环境效应的思考。本文基于反事实思维视角,从网约车对传统出行方式出行量 影响的角度建立网约车能源环境效应评估模型;以北京市为案例城市,运用网约车进入北京之前 不同指标的数据,推演近年不考虑网约车影响的传统出行方式出行量;结合推演出行量和建立的 能源环境效应评估模型得到网约车带来的净碳排放。结果表明,网约车对公交车和地铁出行量 产生一定的抑制作用,其能源环境效应具有不确定性特征,并且随着共乘比例的增大,网约车的 负能源环境效应削弱,说明网约车仍然具有节能减排的潜力,相关部门需要合理管理网约车。研 究结论揭示了网约车的能源环境效应及发展共乘模式的重要性,对以网约车为代表的共享出行 可持续发展具有参考意义,为实现碳中和作贡献。     

A risk appraisal system regarding the implementation of maritime regulations by a ship operator

The shipping industry operates in a regulatory framework, where the International Maritime Organization (IMO) is the leading regulatory body. The role of the IMO is to propose maritime regulations to its member states. The successful worldwide implementation of a maritime regulation depends on how many member states adopt it. However, many maritime regulations are not adequately implemented worldwide. As a result, ship operators have found themselves in an uncomfortable position in developing their business in an unstable regulatory regime. This paper proposes an extendable and applicable methodology involving a System of Hierarchical Scorecards (SHS) to measure the implementation costs and benefits of a newly introduced or existing maritime regulation by ship operators. The regulators may use the results in evaluating newly introduced and/or existing regulations through taking into account the economic burden that will be generated to ship operators. In this paper, SHS is extended to demonstrate its applicability on evaluating a ship operator’s organization with regard to his regulatory implementation performance by the means of a case study.     

从行政权的运行空间看我国船舶物权登记的本质与审查

文中通过探讨船舶物权登记制度中行政权的运行空间,分析船舶物权登记的本质,力争为船舶物权登记的审查方式与审查标准提出一条有效解释的路径。     

Impact of Everyday Weather on Individual Daily Travel Behaviours in Perspective: A Literature Review

Despite the hundreds of billions of dollars being spent on infrastructure development -- from roads, rail and airports to energy extraction and power networks to the Internet -- surprisingly little reliable knowledge exists about the performance of these investments in terms of actual costs, benefits and risks. This paper presents results from the first statistically significant study of cost performance in transport infrastructure projects. The sample used is the largest of its kind, covering 258 projects in 20 nations worth approximately US$90 billion (constant 1995 prices). The paper shows with overwhelming statistical significance that in terms of costs transport infrastructure projects do not perform as promised. The conclusion is tested for different project types, different geographical regions and different historical periods. Substantial cost escalation is the rule rather than the exception. For rail, average cost escalation is 45% (SD=38), for fixed links (tunnels and bridges) it is 34% (62) and for roads 20% (30). Cost escalation appears a global phenomenon, existing across 20 nations on five continents. Cost estimates have not improved and cost escalation not decreased over the past 70 years. Cost estimates used in decision-making for transport infrastructure development are highly, systematically and significantly misleading. Large cost escalations combined with large standard deviations translate into large financial risks. However, such risks are typically ignored or underplayed in decision-making, to the detriment of social and economic welfare.     

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综合考虑托运人面对集卡运输服务和货运代理报价两大顾客选择因素,构建由多个竞争性集卡运营商和一个货运代理商组成的集装箱道路运输市场竞争模型,通过逆向归纳法求解博弈均衡并以上海港进行算例分析.研究发现:若集卡运营商采取提供增值服务策略,则一方面由于承担了增值服务所需成本而导致集卡运营商利润下降;另一方面,集装箱道路运输市场需求的满足程度不断提高,集卡运营商和货运代理商的整体利润也呈现增加趋势.因此,通过对集装箱运输链建立合理的利益分配机制,就能激励集卡运营商主动提供增值服务,从而改变当前集装箱道路运输市场在基本运输服务方面进行恶性价格竞争的局面,实现集卡运营商和集装箱运输链的健康发展.     

A three-stage least squares approach to the analysis of airline strategies for aircraft size and airline frequency on the north Atlantic: an airline case study

In response to increasing demand, airlines may increase capacity by increasing the frequency of flights or they may choose to increase aircraft size. This may yield operating cost economies. If the airports they operate from are capacity constrained, they will be limited in the extent that they can change frequency which will limit their ability to compete with the number of frequencies offered. This article focuses on this trade-off and pays particular attention to the practices of a specific airline. Conclusions are offered on the impact of inter alia competition, changes in aircraft technology, 9/11 and the impact of slot constraints. It appears that changes in size are more important than frequency, which is consistent with the presence of slot constraints and there is a significant impact of competition. As the concentration of carriers increases, so aircraft size falls. 9/11 also has a significant impact on traffic whereas the introduction of the Boeing 777, as an illustration of a change in technology, does not.     

行人二次过街设置方法研究与实施检讨

为应对机动车的迅猛增长,城市道路不断加宽,行人过街安全问题日益严重,在大型路口行人很难一次完成过街,传统的平面过街方式暴露出诸多弊端。国内很多城市开始产生二次过街模式,本文以厦门市为例,分析了行人过街的主要问题,从道路时空资源角度定量分析了二次过街的适用范围,对二次过街的系统组成、设置模式和适用条件加以归纳总结,提出了二次过街设施的设计方法,并对近期实施的示范点进行了总结检讨,较好地指导了二次过街试点项目的实施。